Allylamine is a dangerous organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H7N. Working with this compound necessitates careful safety measures and overall hazard perception. It is extremely flammable, reactive, and toxic in nature. This colorless, transparent liquid (CAS number 107-11-9) is widely used in industries. It is a preliminary material in drug synthesis procedures and is one of the most common raw materials in various industrial processes. Nonetheless, allylamine’s natural volatility is indicated by a low flash point of -28°C and high vapor pressure of 4.09 psi at 20°C. For this reason, this chemical is highly dangerous to fire and explosion, requiring careful compliance with proper storage, handling, and ventilation processes. 

 

In addition, exposure to this toxic substance can result in serious health issues. On one hand, it can cause acute respiratory, dermal, and ocular irritation. On the other hand, unsolicited exposure to this chemical can lead to systemic toxicity in major organs like the liver and kidneys and can cause neurotoxic effects. By offering a comprehensive insight into allylamine’s dangerous properties and presenting best practices for safe handling, storage, and disposal, this guide can be a vital companion for professionals dealing with this chemical. This manual integrates hazard classes, exposure controls, emergency procedures, and regulatory guidelines to guarantee safe handling and risk elimination of allylamine. 

 

Chemical Identification and Physical Properties 

The chemical structure of allylamine features a nitrogen atom bonded to an allyl group, giving it high reactivity. Let’s delve deep into its structure and properties. 

  • Molecular Structure and Composition 

Allylamine (C₃H₇N) is a primary amine with the linear formula CH₂=CHCH₂NH₂. Its molecular weight is 57.09 g/mol, and it exists as a colorless to light yellow liquid with a pungent ammonia-like odor. The compound’s unsaturated allyl group contributes to its high reactivity, particularly in polymerization and oxidation reactions. 

  

  • Physicochemical Characteristics 

Key physical properties include a boiling point of 53–55°C, a melting point of -88°C, and a density of 0.763 g/cm³ at 20°C. Its low flash point (-28°C) and autoignition temperature of 374°C underscore its flammability. Allylamine is miscible with water, ethanol, and ether, facilitating rapid absorption through mucous membranes and skin. The vapor density (2.0 relative to air) indicates that vapors can accumulate in low-lying areas, increasing explosion risks. 

  

Health Hazards and Toxicological Profile 

Handling chemicals such as allylamine can be hazardous; therefore, understanding the potential risks and implementing the necessary safety measures is crucial to protect workers and the environment. 

  • Acute Exposure Effects 

Inhalation of allylamine vapor causes immediate irritation of the nasal mucosa, throat, and lungs, manifesting as coughing, dyspnea, and bronchospasm. At concentrations exceeding 10 ppm, exposure triggers pulmonary edema, a life-threatening condition characterized by fluid accumulation in lung tissues. Dermal contact leads to erythema, chemical burns, and necrosis, while ocular exposure results in severe conjunctivitis and corneal damage. Ingestion, although rare, can cause gastrointestinal inflammation, nausea, and vomiting. 

  

  • Chronic Toxicity and Systemic Effects 

Repeated exposure targets the cardiovascular system, inducing myocardial necrosis and fibrosis in animal models. Metabolites such as acrolein and hydrogen peroxide mediate cardiotoxicity via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Chronic studies have observed hepatorenal damage, with histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues. Neurotoxic effects, including tremors and convulsions, occur at high doses. 

  

  • Carcinogenicity and Reproductive Risks 

No definitive evidence links allylamine to carcinogenesis in humans, though it is not classified as a carcinogen by OSHA or IARC. Reproductive toxicity data are limited, but its ability to cross placental barriers in rodents suggests potential developmental risks. 

  

Flammability and Reactivity Hazards 

Along with its benefits, allylamine also comes with risks, especially if mishandled. Understanding these risks helps prevent accidents, health issues, and environmental harm. Prioritizing safety is key when working with allylamine to keep everyone and everything safe. 

 

  • Fire and Explosion Risks 

Allylamine’s flammability range (1.2–22% in air) and low minimum ignition energy make it highly susceptible to ignition by sparks, static discharge, or open flames. Combustion produces toxic gases, including nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Its reactivity with oxidizing agents (e.g., peroxides, chlorates) can lead to violent exothermic reactions. 

  

  • Stabilization and Incompatibilities 

To prevent polymerization, allylamine requires storage under inert atmospheres (e.g., nitrogen). It is incompatible with strong acids, metals (e.g., aluminum, zinc), and halogenated compounds, which can catalyze decomposition. 

 

Exposure Controls and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 

Allylamine is highly toxic, and exposure to even tiny amounts can lead to health issues. Breathing in its vapors may cause respiratory irritation, dizziness, or nausea. Skin contact can cause burns or allergic reactions. Over time, repeated exposure might damage organs such as the liver and kidneys. Severe cases have even led to poisoning and hospitalization. Here are some precautions you can vouch for: 

  • Engineering Controls 

Process containment using closed systems and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is mandatory to limit airborne concentrations. Fume hoods with a face velocity ≥100 fpm are recommended for laboratory handling. 

  

  • Respiratory Protection 

NIOSH-approved respirators are required when airborne levels exceed permissible exposure limits (PELs). For concentrations up to 50 ppm, a full-face respirator with organic vapor cartridges (OV) is suitable. Above 50 ppm, a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is essential. 

  

  • Dermal and Ocular Protection 

Chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile, neoprene) and aprons prevent skin contact. Safety goggles with side shields or face shields are necessary to protect against splashes. Emergency eyewash stations and deluge showers must be accessible within 10 seconds of the work area.

 

 

Emergency Response and First Aid 

In one incident, factory workers inhaled high levels of vapors during a spill, leading to mass hospitalization. While quick response to such incidents can save lives, only safety improvements can prevent accidents from occurring in the future. Close monitoring and proper training helped reduce hazards in the workplace. These real-world examples highlight why safety protocols can’t be ignored. Here are some common threats and first aid which can save the day: 

 

  • Inhalation Exposure 

Immediately relocate the victim to fresh air. Administer 100% humidified oxygen if breathing is labored. Monitor for delayed pulmonary edema and seek medical evaluation. 

 

  • Dermal Contact 

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse skin with lukewarm water for 15–20 minutes. Apply emollients to prevent cracking but avoid occlusive dressings. 

  

  • Ocular Exposure 

Flush your eyes with saline or water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids to ensure thorough irrigation. Urgent ophthalmological assessment is required for corneal injuries. 

  

  • Ingestion 

Do not induce vomiting. Rinse the mouth with water and administer 200–300 ml of milk or water to dilute gastric contents. Activated charcoal is contraindicated due to aspiration risks. 

 

Environmental Hazards and Spill Management 

Agencies like OSHA and EPA set strict limits on allylamine. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends a maximum exposure of 1 ppm (parts per million) over an 8-hour shift. The World Health Organization emphasizes avoiding inhalation and repeated skin contact. These standards aim to prevent health issues and ensure a safe work environment.

 

  • Ecotoxicity 

Allylamine is toxic to aquatic organisms, with a 96-hour LC₅₀ of 2.4 mg/L in Daphnia magna. Chronic exposure leads to bioaccumulation in sediment-dwelling species, thereby disrupting marine ecosystems. 

  

  • Spill Containment and Neutralization 

Small spills: Absorb with inert materials (e.g., vermiculite) and transfer to chemical-resistant containers. Large spills: Neutralize with dilute sulfuric acid (1:10) to form non-volatile salts, then collect for disposal. Prevent entry into sewers or waterways. 

  

  • Waste Disposal 

Incinerate in an RCRA-permitted facility equipped with scrubbers to capture NOₓ emissions. Aqueous solutions require pretreatment with oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) to degrade residual amine. 

  

  • Regulatory Compliance and Exposure Limits 

Global rules govern allylamine use, from US OSHA to European ECHA. These agencies set exposure limits and disposal procedures. Staying compliant reduces legal risks and boosts safety performance. Maintain detailed safety data sheets for all allylamine products. Make sure to record all incidents, exposures, and spill responses. Proper documentation helps track safety measures and comply with regulatory audits. 

Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) 

  • OSHA PEL: 2 ppm (8-hour TWA) 
  • NIOSH REL: 2 ppm (Ceiling) 
  • ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm (Skin designation) 

  

AEGL Values 

  • AEGL-1 (8 hours): 0.17 ppm (mild irritation) 
  • AEGL-2 (1 hour): 2.5 ppm (irreversible effects) 
  • AEGL-3 (30 minutes): 25 ppm (life-threatening) 

  

  • Transportation Regulations 

Classified as UN 2334 (Packing Group I), allylamine requires hazard labels for flammability (3) and toxicity (6.1). Ground transport must comply with DOT 49 CFR §172.101.